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تحميل كتاب تطبيقات GIS في الزراعة GIS Application in Agriculture pdf

تحميل كتاب تطبيقات GIS في الزراعة  GIS Application in Agriculture pdf

    تحميل كتاب تطبيقات GIS في الزراعة  GIS Application in Agriculture pdf

    GIS Application in Agriculture pdf
    تحميل كتاب تطبيقات GIS في الزراعة  GIS Application in Agriculture pdf ، استكمالا لسلسلة تطبيقات GIS نقدم لكم في هذه المقالة  كتاب تطبيقات GIS في الزراعة  GIS Application in Agricultur pdf ، من إعداد Tom Mueller & Gretchen F. Sassenrath .

    Introduction the book GIS Application in Agriculture pdf

    Soil Surveys,Vegetation Indices, and Topographic Analysis for Conservation Planning

    Powerful computers and geographic information systems (GISs) allow analysts to more effectively utilize digital data resources such as soil survey maps, remotely sensed imagery, and terrain data for conservation planning. The objectives of this chapter are to (1) demonstrate analyses of digital data for conservation assessment and (2) provide an assignment and detailed instructions for readers to analyze publically available geospatial data using GIS and automated modeling techniques. Research studies demonstrate that (1) eroded concentrated water flow pathways in agricultural fields requiring grassed waterways can be identified with early-spring high-resolution (i.e., 0.3-m) imagery and light detection and ranging (LiDAR)–derived terrain maps (i.e., hillshade and terrain attribute maps); (2) vegetation indices calculated from the National Agricultural Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery are effective tools for detecting poorly vegetated grassed waterways requiring replanting; and (3) terrain and economic modeling techniques can be used for slope and yield map analysis for determining the profitability of cropping steeper slopes. Four appendices are provided with step-by-step instructions for (1) obtaining publically available USDA NAIP imagery and US Geological Service (USGS) digital elevation models (DEMs); (2) calculating vegetation indices with USDA NAIP imagery; (3) creating terrain attribute, contour, and hillshade maps from USGS DEM data; and (4) conducting elevation models from public point cloud LiDAR elevation data.

    Identification and Analysis of Ravines in the Minnesota River Basin with Geographic Information System

    Ravines are common features within the Minnesota River Basin (MRB) and are the natural product of a landscape adjusting to disequilibrium caused by a regional baselevel fall 11,500 years before present. Overall sediment contribution by ravines to the Minnesota River (MNR) must be understood to mitigate sediment loading to the MNR and focus remediation strategies. This study defines the morphometry of MRB ravines and their relationship with characteristics of the upland contributing area (UCA) upslope of the ravine. Boundaries for 70 study ravines in the MRB and their associated UCA were digitized. Primary and secondary attributes such as area, slope, relief, and stream power index (SPI) values were estimated for each ravine and their associated UCA. Ravine area, volume, and relief were strongly correlated with ravine slope, length, and SPI. Ravine width-to-depth ratios were negatively correlated with the UCA mean slope. Ravine area was strongly correlated with UCA, suggesting that increasing volumes of water discharged from the UCA result in larger ravines that potentially deliver more sediment to the MRB than smaller ravines. Ravines with larger UCA could be targeted for conservation practices such as cover crops or perennial grass plantings to reduce discharge of water and sediment loading to the ravine.

    Erosion Modeling in 2D with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation–Version 2 A Tool for Conservation Planning

    The current version of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation—Version 2 (RUSLE2) does not estimate concentrated flow erosion, which can be substantial in agricultural fields. The primary objective of this chapter is to describe our ongoing efforts using geographical information system (GIS) tools and high-resolution topographic elevation data to develop a distributed version of RUSLE2 that can be linked with a process-based channel erosion model to account for concentrated flow erosion. This is being accomplished by modifying the RUSLE2 so that runoff can be estimated and local slope length can be determined based on accumulated runoff. This chapter provides (1) a detailed description of these proposed methodologies; (2) results from a case study in a research watershed located near Treynor, Iowa, demonstrating how these techniques can be used to assist conservation planning decisions; and (3) an example dataset and step-by-step procedure that will help practitioners apply RUSLE2 in 2D.

    Application of Geographical Information System and Terrain Analysis for Designing Filter Strips

    Filter strips are installed along the margins of agricultural fields to trap sediment and other pollutants conveyed in overland runoff. A geographical information system (GIS) procedure is presented for designing a filter strip that will achieve a constant, user-selected level of trapping efficiency along a field margin. The design model is based on relationships between the buffer area ratio and trapping efficiency, which account for pollutant type and site conditions. The design model has been coupled with GIS and terrain analysis in a computer program called AgBufferBuilder to run with ArcGIS for quickly producing filter strip designs that can vary in width along a field margin to compensate for concentrated runoff flows.

    Modeling Landscape-Scale Nitrogen Management for Conservation

    There are concerns about how agriculture will adapt to a changing climate and other environmental challenges during the twenty-first century in order to provide food security for the ever-increasing global population. Designing and implementing best nitrogen management practices will be critical in global food security efforts because of the positive correlation between nitrogen inputs and crop yield and between nitrogen inputs and nitrogen losses to the environment. Computer models are important tools that can help nutrient managers implement conservation practices on the ground to improve nitrogen use efficiency and reduce losses of nitrogen from agricultural systems. One such tool is the Nitrogen Losses and Environmental Assessment Package (NLEAP) with Geographic Information System (GIS) capabilities, Version 4.2 (NLEAP GIS 4.2), as well as the next generation NLEAP GIS 5.0, which allows geospatial analysis of multiple fields simultaneously. To use NLEAP GIS 4.2, users need to download location-specific Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) SSURGO soil and weather databases from an Internet server and develop the nitrogen management scenario that they want to test. If desired, the more advanced NLEAP GIS 5.0 model can be used to conduct geospatial simulations and display nitrogen losses to the environment using embedded GIS-integrated NASA World WindTM technology and other tools for spatial statistical analysis. This advanced technology allows a collection of components that interactively display 3D geographic information within Java applications. This chapter includes a hands-on exercise that presents the NLEAP GIS 5.0 prototype with instructions on how to perform quick evaluations across large areas and identify the effects of best management practices. The user will also learn how to conduct a Nitrogen Trading Tool analysis and determine the potential benefits of implementing management practices and the quantity of nitrogen savings that could potentially be traded in future air or water quality markets.

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